The New Psychology: Directed Thinking

In the last chapter we saw how. the new tradition attacked one of the stumbling blocks of the British
associationists-the problem of elements, the atomistic conception of complex thinking being made up of simple ideas,
and the dependence on the Aristotelian dogma of “no image-no thought.” In modern terms the resolution might have
been to call the thinking processes theoretical and therefore not necessarily accessible to observation.
However, there was still left another associationist heritage – the problem of direction. Why does